The German Autobahn
The first Autobahn (motorway) in the world began to be built in Germany in 1913, in the middle of World War I, when it created the "Automobil-Verkehrs an Ubungsstrasse (AVUS) to build a superhighway paved 9.8 km long in Berlin. In 1926, when Hitler assumed the leadership of the National Socialist Party, was founded the "Association for the construction of the road Hanseatic-Frankfurt-Basel (Hafr). The second highway was built in the world joining the Cologne Bonn opened in 1932, which included the large intersection of Chemnitz, works built before Hitler came to power.
The idea for the construction of the Autobahn was first conceived and during the days of the Weimar Republic by Robert Otzen in 1929 and proposed this new path denominaadaa Autobahn already had a clear title, Hafrad (Hamburg-Frankfurt Autobahnprojekt Main-Basel). Nothing to do with the roads designed for racing cars to test high-speed AVUS already designed and running in Berlin since 1921, although the first road with long journeys in the world was put into service a few years before Robert Otzen in 1923 in Italy to service between Milan-Como. In 1932 he was able to close for the first time a section that linked two German cities Cologne and Bonn, the length of this segment included about 20 miles long (Today, this stretch is called as A 555).
Autobahnen The construction of the early years was slow, and most projected sections did not progress beyond the design stage due to economic problems and a lack of political support. One project was the private initiative Hafrad who planned "a German cruise-only car (Autobahn name was coined in 1929) from Hamburg in northern Germany via central Frankfurt to Basel in Switzerland. The Hafrad journeys that were completed in the 30's and and early 40's, eventually being interrupted construction of the Second World War.
In 1933 began a new period to regain Hitler's National Socialism, this ambitious project with enthusiasm, and for this mission appointed Fritz Todt as the inspector general of roads. Often mentioned there might be another idea evening associated with this project of building the Autobahn, beyond helping to achieve national unity and consolidate the centralized control: the idea of \u200b\u200bproviding sufficient mobility for the movement of military forces along the German territory. This, however, ignores the detail that the Autobahnen gradients were designed and built before the war was completely planned. It should be noted also that the first Autobahnen to finish were North-South corridors from Hamburg to Basel (The "A 5 and A 7" today) and traveling the route from Berlin to Munich ("A 9 ") instead of the routes that cross the West-East axis, which would have been more helpful for Hitler's war plans. The main purpose of the Autobahnen at that time was to allow a large proportion of the population was capable of driving long distances in their own cars, enjoying views along the route. This explains some of the twisted paths that make some Autobahnen as Irschenberg passing through the "A 8" from Munich to Salzburg), which offers a spectacular view but an impossible route for heavy goods traffic today.
The Autobahnen constituted the first logistics network of limited access and fastest in the world, building the first section from the city of Frankfurt to Darmstadt, whose inauguration took place in 1935. The cross-section of the Autobahn was used for testing speed Grand Prix racing in which with teams of Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union, until succeeded by a fatal accident in which he was involved a popular German driver Bernd Rosemeyer in early 1938. Also built a similar high-speed section between Dessau and Halle.
During World War II.
During World War II repave some sections of the Autobahnen for possible conversion into auxiliary airports. The planes were hiding in some of the many tunnels or camouflaged in nearby forests. However, most of the tracks do not have a significant military. Motor vehicles, for example, could not carry goods Autobahnen so quickly by, or at least not in such abundance as might by the railways, as well as tanks Autobahnen could not use because the weight of the caterpillars could rip the top of the road. Add to this the general shortage of gasoline that Germany suffered during much of the war, added to the relatively low number of motor cars and vehicles required for the direct support of military operations, logistics made the use of fans to lose Autobahnen military transport significantly. Consequently, most military cargo and more economically, remained carried by rail.
Reconstruction and finish.
After the war period, many sections of the Autobahnen were in very poor condition, severely damaged by Allied bombing and military demolition. There were also thousands of miles on the autobahn were incomplete, because its construction was suspended in 1943 due to increased demand for the war effort. In the Federal Republic of Germany after the war, sought to repair as soon as possible most of the existing Autobahnen. Thus, during the 50's, the West German government restarted the construction program and continually invested in new sections and as improvements of old sections. The finish lasted incomplete sections, with some stops, until the 80's. Cutting some sections because of the Iron Curtain in 1945 made a halt some of the works, which only ended after the German reunification in 1990. Finally, some sections were never completed, due in part to the discovery of more profitable routes as they were built. Some of these sections extend across the landscape in such a way that can be viewed as a unique example of the modern ruin, often readily visible in satellite photographs.
The Autobahnen of the RDA. The
Autobahnen in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the former German province of East Prussia, Eastern Pomerania and Silesia in Poland and the Soviet Union in 1945 after a stay mostly neglected in comparison with the sections of the Republic Germany and Western Europe in general. You could say that they received minimal maintenance during the years of the Cold War. The speed limit on the autobahn RDA was 100 kilometers per hour, but nevertheless more restrictive limits were imposed due to road conditions. Speed \u200b\u200blimits on the autobahn GDR became very strict and the institution of special instructions for monitoring and sanctions by Volkspolizei. In the 70's and 80s, the West German government paid millions of deutsche marks to the GDR for the construction and maintenance of Autobahnen traffic between Germany and West Berlin.
But are they secure this type of track?
Here:
1. Asphalt does not have holes, no gaps or cracks. When they appear, cut the asphalt and reset again. Not "patched." The average depth is twice that of any other highway in the world. A Jumbo (747) could land and take off and not even show a bump or crack in the asphalt.
2. In other areas where there radar speed limits are like hotcakes, and as you pass, you hunt. It appears the car registration and face the offender. Fines are not as large as this (no tax collection effort), but that drop lots of points.
3. The "Shagged" behind is penalized. There are lines painted on the ground in many places. There are special cameras that calculate the distance between a car and following it. If you are under the stipulated: photo and subtraction of points.
4. The police car has the latest BMW, Mercedes and Audi. Not mind being recorded because the change fees. Some cars Police carry the electronic limiter 250km / h removed if someone "gets smart."
5. In each km of Autobahn is spent twice the money than any other highway in the world.
6. The slope limit by law is 4%. There are limits to the radii of the curves.
7. The water drains well through a system that channeled into a special ponds.
8. Insulting or gestures is CRIME.
9. EVERYONE is on the right, unfailingly. When you pass, look in the mirror and if nobody comes, he adds. EVEN MORE THAN 200 km / h!.
10. The ATTENDANCE care is fast and efficient. There are 36 helicopter bases located throughout Germany.
11. ALL THE AUTOBAHN is wired and monitored by surveillance cameras, traffic sensors, temperature, etc.
12. The speed (which is controlled) is controlled by automatic systems often and warn of a jam kilometers before.
13. The automatic system often prevent the formation of jams enabling the shoulder as an extra lane. When not needed, it becomes hard shoulder.
14. The courtesy and friendliness between drivers is the norm, not the exception.
15. There is a certain priority the circular: Porsche, BMW, Audi and Mercedes takes precedence charged any other vehicle.
16. Pull your driving license in Germany costs from 1200 € to 1500 € approx and learning takes 2 months and includes driving on the Autobahn at 200 km / h. It is supposed to do at the end.
17. The equivalent here is the RACC ADAC, that 80% of cases resolves the problems of the car at the time.
18. Running out of petrol on the autobahn is a FELONY!.
19. In areas with no speed limits can advance to the police at the speed you want.
20. Give the lights when you pass a crime. The right thing is to get a safe distance with flashing left since.
Still, 6,000 people die on German highways every year: most are young people with less than 2 years of driver's license and powerful cars.
"Speed \u200b\u200bdoes not always kill"
THE VANGUARD - 26/06/2005
In Germany, 97, with 55 million inhabitants, 24,000 people a year die in road accidents, and last year, already 80 million, killed 6,000. "It's a less bad news. "We worked hard and German model of care to the wounded on the road has been copied by Austria, Norway, Netherlands, Luxembourg and, now, little by little, by the countries of Eastern Europe. - How it works? That year, black, 24,000 deaths resulted in a great social debate and a national response: pressure from public opinion, joined automotive safety improvements which was converted into standard use by the code and the roads were subjected to urgent improvements. "Well done. "But mostly it was found that the great cause of these deaths was too little too late help the injured. Ambulances arrived on the scene late and without adequate equipment or professional. -Ambulances not fly. "Exactly. That was the problem. Often causing traffic jams prevented them from reaching the accident. And then we resort to the helicopters, but also create ground support equipment for doctors and specialized equipment, as well as aeromedical equipment. - Did it work? "Spectacularly. The aeromedical began performing 200 missions per month in 97 and now made 2,000 a year base. We distributed 52 medical helicopter bases that cover the whole of Germany, so that any citizen, however remote the population that resides, is always five minutes of helicopter base near you. -A security. "More than that. It is a law that with slight variations in each land, states that the citizen is entitled to emergency medical treatment within 14 minutes.
Here:
- Can compare their figures with road deaths in Spain? "Last year the death toll in Germany was 1.8 deaths per hundred road accidents with injuries, and in Spain 3.8 .- More than twice.
Spain, road deaths, is well above the European average is 2.2. We must improve the roads, their attendance to traffic accidents and aeromedical network.
-Germany, also has no speed limit on highways.
Right. But if carefully analyze accident statistics, we see that the majority of fatal accidents occur on roads where there is flowing as fast as on highways. - Always speed kills?
paradigmatic case is the United States, has 250 million people and killed last year ... 40,000 on road! "In percentage beyond us. "Your ratio is much worse than ours and also worse than the European average, although the rate in America is very limited and strictly fined in excess.
And in our country?:
In my humble opinion we mimes speed limits in the 60's with the improvements of the cars in the field of active and passive safety, motorways and highways that currently have, we have the same limit if a curtain of water on the asphalt as if it is dry and bright, not considering the experience of driver skill and attitude (not the same as a driver who makes 5,000 km per year which covers 40,000 in that period), age and the type of vehicle, traffic behavior, you can meet the speed limits and be an incompetent driving, endangering the lives of others, make printing is that rewards recaudatorio the safety of people.
:
A survey by the German broadcaster ZDF shows a somewhat surprising fact: 54% of respondents would like to impose a limit of 130 km / h on the autobahn, 35% no want limits and 10% want the limit is even less than 130 km / h.
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